🧩 Ultimate Selenium + Cucumber Framework Guide (Interview 2025)

🚀 Ultimate Selenium + Cucumber Framework Guide (Interview 2025)

A one-stop technical reference for Selenium 4, Cucumber BDD, TestNG, XPath, and OOP-based automation frameworks — perfectly structured for interviews and real-world projects.

🔍 What is Selenium?

Selenium is an open-source automation testing tool for web applications. It supports multiple browsers, platforms, and languages, enabling effective automated functional testing.

⚙️ Selenium 3 vs Selenium 4 Architecture

  • Selenium 3: Based on JSON Wire Protocol for client-server communication.
  • Selenium 4: Fully compliant with the W3C WebDriver standard, includes relative locators and Chrome DevTools Protocol (CDP) support.

🧠 OOP Concepts in Selenium Framework (Interview Key)

Question: Where do you use OOPs concepts in your framework?

Answer: OOPs principles — Encapsulation, Inheritance, Abstraction, and Polymorphism — are the foundation of automation frameworks to ensure reusability, modularity, and scalability.

Encapsulation (POM Design Pattern)

// LoginPage.java
public class LoginPage {
  private WebDriver driver;

  @FindBy(id="username") private WebElement username;
  @FindBy(id="password") private WebElement password;
  @FindBy(id="loginBtn") private WebElement loginBtn;

  public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
    this.driver = driver;
    PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
  }

  public void login(String user, String pass) {
    username.sendKeys(user);
    password.sendKeys(pass);
    loginBtn.click();
  }
}

Inheritance (Base Class)

// BaseTest.java
public class BaseTest {
  protected WebDriver driver;

  @BeforeMethod
  public void setUp() {
    WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
    driver = new ChromeDriver();
    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
  }

  @AfterMethod
  public void tearDown() { driver.quit(); }
}

Abstraction (Interface for Waits)

// IWait.java
public interface IWait {
  WebElement waitVisible(By locator, Duration time);
}

// WaitHelper.java
public class WaitHelper implements IWait {
  private WebDriver driver;
  public WaitHelper(WebDriver driver){ this.driver = driver; }

  public WebElement waitVisible(By locator, Duration time) {
    return new WebDriverWait(driver, time)
      .until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(locator));
  }
}

Polymorphism (Overloaded Helper Methods)

// ClickHelper.java
public class ClickHelper {
  private WebDriver driver;
  public ClickHelper(WebDriver driver){ this.driver = driver; }

  public void click(By locator){ driver.findElement(locator).click(); }
  public void click(WebElement element){ element.click(); }
  public void click(By locator, Duration wait){
    new WebDriverWait(driver, wait)
      .until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(locator)).click();
  }
}

🌐 Selenium 4 WebDriver Syntax

🚀 Browser Setup

WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
driver.get("https://example.com");

🧭 Locators & Element Interaction

driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys("Masum");
driver.findElement(By.name("password")).sendKeys("Raza");
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".btn")).click();
System.out.println(driver.findElement(By.tagName("h2")).getText());

🖱️ Actions Class

Actions act = new Actions(driver);
act.moveToElement(driver.findElement(By.id("menu"))).perform();
act.doubleClick(driver.findElement(By.id("edit"))).perform();
act.dragAndDrop(src, trg).perform();

📋 Dropdown Handling

Select sel = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("country")));
sel.selectByVisibleText("India");
sel.selectByValue("IND");
sel.selectByIndex(2);

⚠️ Alert Handling

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
System.out.println(alert.getText());
alert.accept(); // or alert.dismiss();

💡 JavaScriptExecutor

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
js.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0,500)");
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", driver.findElement(By.id("submit")));
js.executeScript("document.getElementById('name').value='Masum';");

🧩 Frames & iFrames

driver.switchTo().frame(0);
driver.switchTo().frame("frameName");
driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElement(By.tagName("iframe")));
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

🔗 Navigation Commands

driver.navigate().to("https://site.com");
driver.navigate().back();
driver.navigate().forward();
driver.navigate().refresh();

🪟 Multi-window Handling

String main = driver.getWindowHandle();
for (String handle : driver.getWindowHandles()) {
  if (!handle.equals(main)) {
    driver.switchTo().window(handle);
    System.out.println(driver.getTitle());
    driver.close();
  }
}
driver.switchTo().window(main);

🍪 Cookies Management

driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("user","Masum"));
for(Cookie c: driver.manage().getCookies())
  System.out.println(c.getName() + "=" + c.getValue());
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

⏳ Waits (Implicit / Explicit / Fluent)

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(20));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.titleContains("Home"));

Wait<WebDriver> fluent = new FluentWait<>(driver)
  .withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
  .pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
  .ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);

📸 Screenshot Capture

File src = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(src, new File("./Screenshots/image.png"));

📁 Excel Reader (Apache POI)

FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("./TestData/data.xlsx");
XSSFWorkbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook(fis);
String val = wb.getSheetAt(0).getRow(0).getCell(0).getStringCellValue();
System.out.println(val);
wb.close(); fis.close();

🔍 Broken Link Checker

List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));
for (WebElement l : links) {
  String url = l.getAttribute("href");
  if (url != null && !url.isEmpty()) {
    HttpURLConnection c = (HttpURLConnection)new URL(url).openConnection();
    c.setRequestMethod("HEAD");
    c.connect();
    if (c.getResponseCode() >= 400)
      System.out.println(url + " is broken link");
  }
}

🧭 XPath Syntax Reference

//tagName[@attribute='value']
//tagName[@attribute='value'][@attribute='value']
//tagName[starts-with(@attribute,'value')]
//tagName[contains(@attribute,'value')]
//tagName[text()='value']
//tagName[contains(text(),'partialvalue')]
//tagName[@attribute='value']/..
//tagName[@attribute='value']/parent::tagname
//tagName[@attribute='value']/following-sibling::tagname
//tagName[@attribute='value']/preceding-sibling::tagname[1]

🥒 Cucumber BDD Integration

Feature File (Login.feature)

Feature: Login Functionality
  @smoke @login
  Scenario: Verify valid login
    Given user launches the browser
    When user opens "https://example.com/login"
    And user enters username "Masum" and password "Raza"
    And clicks on Login button
    Then user should see the Dashboard

Runner Class

@RunWith(Cucumber.class)
@CucumberOptions(
  features = "src/test/resources/features",
  glue = {"com.framework.steps","com.framework.hooks"},
  plugin = {"pretty","html:target/cucumber.html"},
  tags = "@smoke"
)
public class RunTest { }

Hooks

public class Hooks {
  public static WebDriver driver;

  @Before
  public void setup(){ WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup(); driver = new ChromeDriver(); }

  @After
  public void tearDown(Scenario sc){
    if(sc.isFailed()) System.out.println("Scenario failed: " + sc.getName());
    driver.quit();
  }
}

🧪 TestNG Grouping & Annotations

Example

public class GroupingExample {
  @Test(groups={"sanity"})
  public void sanityTest(){ System.out.println("Sanity Test"); }

  @Test(groups={"regression"})
  public void regressionTest(){ System.out.println("Regression Test"); }
}

TestNG Annotations Overview

@BeforeSuite: Runs once before all tests in the suite.
@BeforeTest: Runs before any test method in a  tag.
@BeforeClass: Runs before the first method in the current class.
@BeforeMethod: Runs before each test method.
@Test: Marks the actual test case.
@AfterMethod: Runs after each test method.
@AfterClass: Runs after all test methods in the class.
@AfterTest: Runs after all test methods under .
@AfterSuite: Runs once after all tests in the suite.

🏗️ Hybrid Framework Structure

project-root/
├─ src/main/java/com.framework/base/
├─ src/main/java/com.framework/pages/
├─ src/main/java/com.framework/utils/
├─ src/test/java/com.framework/steps/
├─ src/test/java/com.framework/hooks/
├─ src/test/resources/features/
└─ Reports/
  • POM: Encapsulation of page actions.
  • TestNG: Execution control, grouping, and parallel runs.
  • Cucumber: Behavior-driven test structure.
  • Data Driven: Excel-driven inputs with Apache POI.
  • Reports: Extent, Allure, and Cucumber HTML reports.

Created by Masum Raza — Automation Test Engineer

Location: Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

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