Ultimate Selenium WebDriver and Cucumber Syntax Reference (2025)

✅ Ultimate Selenium WebDriver and Cucumber Syntax Reference (2025)

This guide includes the most essential Selenium WebDriver and Cucumber BDD syntax examples in Java. Each section demonstrates real-world commands and reusable automation patterns for interviews and projects.

🚀 Browser Setup and Launch

System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "./Drivers/chromedriver.exe");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(30));
driver.get("https://example.com");

🖱️ Mouse and Keyboard Actions

Actions action = new Actions(driver);
WebElement src = driver.findElement(By.id("source"));
WebElement trg = driver.findElement(By.id("target"));

action.dragAndDrop(src, trg).perform();
action.contextClick(src).perform();
action.doubleClick(src).perform();
action.moveToElement(trg).perform();

📋 Dropdown Handling (Select Class)

WebElement country = driver.findElement(By.id("country"));
Select dropdown = new Select(country);
dropdown.selectByIndex(1);
dropdown.selectByValue("IND");
dropdown.selectByVisibleText("India");

📸 Capture Screenshot

File screenshot = ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(screenshot, new File("./Screenshots/homepage.png"));

⚠️ Handling Alerts

Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
System.out.println(alert.getText());
alert.accept(); // OK
// alert.dismiss(); // Cancel

💡 JavaScriptExecutor Examples

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

// Scroll
js.executeScript("window.scrollBy(0,500)");
js.executeScript("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)");

// Click using JS
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("submit"));
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", element);

// Set value
js.executeScript("document.getElementById('username').value='Masum';");

🪟 Frame and Iframe Handling

driver.switchTo().frame(0);
driver.switchTo().frame("frameName");
driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//iframe[@id='demo']")));
driver.switchTo().defaultContent();

🌐 Navigation Commands

driver.navigate().to("https://example.com");
driver.navigate().back();
driver.navigate().forward();
driver.navigate().refresh();

🔗 Get URL and Title

System.out.println(driver.getCurrentUrl());
System.out.println(driver.getTitle());

⏳ Waits (Implicit, Explicit, Fluent)

// Implicit Wait
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(20));

// Explicit Wait
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(20));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("username")));

// Fluent Wait
Wait<WebDriver> fluentWait = new FluentWait<>(driver)
        .withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
        .pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
        .ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);

📄 Get All Links on Page

List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));
for (WebElement l : links) {
    System.out.println(l.getText() + " --> " + l.getAttribute("href"));
}

⌨️ Element Actions

driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys("Masum");
driver.findElement(By.id("password")).sendKeys("Raza");
driver.findElement(By.id("loginBtn")).click();

📘 Excel Reader (Apache POI)

FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("./TestData/data.xlsx");
XSSFWorkbook wb = new XSSFWorkbook(fis);
XSSFSheet sheet = wb.getSheetAt(0);
String value = sheet.getRow(0).getCell(0).getStringCellValue();
System.out.println(value);
wb.close();
fis.close();

🪄 File Upload

WebElement upload = driver.findElement(By.id("uploadFile"));
upload.sendKeys("C:\\Users\\Masum\\Documents\\resume.pdf");

🧩 Multiple Windows Handling

String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();
Set<String> handles = driver.getWindowHandles();

for (String handle : handles) {
    if (!handle.equals(mainWindow)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(handle);
        System.out.println(driver.getTitle());
        driver.close();
    }
}
driver.switchTo().window(mainWindow);

🍪 Manage Cookies

driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("user", "Masum"));
Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
for (Cookie c : cookies) {
    System.out.println(c.getName() + " = " + c.getValue());
}
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();

🧱 Page Factory (POM)

public class LoginPage {
    WebDriver driver;
    @FindBy(id = "username") WebElement username;
    @FindBy(id = "password") WebElement password;
    @FindBy(id = "loginBtn") WebElement loginBtn;

    public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
        this.driver = driver;
        PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
    }

    public void login(String user, String pass) {
        username.sendKeys(user);
        password.sendKeys(pass);
        loginBtn.click();
    }
}

🧠 Broken Link Checker

List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));
for (WebElement link : links) {
    String url = link.getAttribute("href");
    if (url != null && !url.isEmpty()) {
        HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) new URL(url).openConnection();
        conn.setRequestMethod("HEAD");
        conn.connect();
        if (conn.getResponseCode() >= 400) {
            System.out.println(url + " is broken (" + conn.getResponseCode() + ")");
        }
    }
}

🧪 TestNG Grouping Example

import org.testng.annotations.Test;

public class GroupingExample {

    @Test(groups = {"sanity"})
    public void test1() { System.out.println("Sanity Test 1"); }

    @Test(groups = {"sanity", "regression"})
    public void test2() { System.out.println("Sanity & Regression Test 2"); }

    @Test(groups = {"regression"})
    public void test3() { System.out.println("Regression Test 3"); }
}

🧩 TestNG Suite XML

<suite name="TestSuite">
  <test name="GroupedTests">
    <groups>
      <run>
        <include name="sanity"/>
      </run>
    </groups>
    <classes>
      <class name="GroupingExample"/>
    </classes>
  </test>
</suite>

🌿 Cucumber BDD Example

Below is a complete Cucumber + Selenium setup example (Feature file + Step Definitions).

📁 Feature File (Login.feature)

Feature: Login Functionality

  Scenario: Verify valid login
    Given user launches the browser
    When user opens "https://example.com/login"
    And user enters username "Masum" and password "Raza"
    And clicks on Login button
    Then user should be redirected to Dashboard

🧩 Step Definition (LoginSteps.java)

public class LoginSteps {

    WebDriver driver;

    @Given("user launches the browser")
    public void launchBrowser() {
        WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
        driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
    }

    @When("user opens {string}")
    public void openUrl(String url) {
        driver.get(url);
    }

    @When("user enters username {string} and password {string}")
    public void enterCredentials(String user, String pass) {
        driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys(user);
        driver.findElement(By.id("password")).sendKeys(pass);
    }

    @When("clicks on Login button")
    public void clickLogin() {
        driver.findElement(By.id("loginBtn")).click();
    }

    @Then("user should be redirected to Dashboard")
    public void verifyDashboard() {
        Assert.assertTrue(driver.getTitle().contains("Dashboard"));
        driver.quit();
    }
}

✅ Conclusion:
This one-stop Selenium + Cucumber syntax guide gives you all essential automation code snippets — from browser setup, waits, alerts, and frames to Cucumber step definitions and TestNG grouping. Bookmark it for your automation projects and interview prep!

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